How to Read and Convert Dates in Old Documents

The most effective method to Read and Convert Dates in Old Documents Dates are a significant piece of recorded and genealogical examination, yet they additionally arent consistently as they show up. For the greater part of us, the Gregorian schedule in like manner use today is all we experience in present day records. Inevitably, be that as it may, as we work back in time, or dig into strict or ethnic records, it isn't unexpected to experience different schedules and dates with which we arent natural. These schedules can confound the account of dates in our family tree, except if we can precisely change over and record the schedule dates into a standard organization, so that there is no further disarray. Julian versus Gregorian Calendar The schedule in like manner use today, known as the Gregorian schedule, was made in 1582 to supplant the recently utilized Julian schedule. The Julian schedule, built up in 46 B.C. by Julius Caesar, had a year, with three years of 365 days, trailed by a fourth year of 366 days. Indeed, even with the additional day included each fourth year, the Julian schedule was still marginally longer than the sun based year (by around eleven minutes out of every year), so when the year 1500 moved around, the schedule was ten days out of sync with the sun. To cure the inadequacies in the Julian schedule, Pope Gregory XIII supplanted the Julian schedule with the Gregorian schedule (named after himself) in 1582. The new Gregorian schedule dropped ten days from the long stretch of October for the principal year just, to get back in a state of harmony with the sun powered cycle. It additionally held the jump year at regular intervals, aside from century years not separable by 400 (to shield the aggregation issue from repeating). Of essential significance to genealogists, is that the Gregorian schedule was not embraced by numerous protestant nations until some other time than 1592 (which means they additionally needed to drop a fluctuating number of days to get back in a state of harmony). Extraordinary Britain and her settlements received the Gregorian, or new style schedule in 1752. A few nations, for example, China, didn't receive the schedule until the 1900s. For every nation where we research, it is imperative to know on what date the Gregorian schedule became effective. The differentiation between the Julian and Gregorian schedule gets significant for genealogists in situations where an individual was conceived while the Julian schedule was basically and passed on after the Gregorian schedule was received. In such cases it is essential to record dates precisely as you discovered them, or to make a note when a date has been balanced for the adjustment in schedule. A few people decide to demonstrate the two dates - known as old style and new style. Twofold Dating Prior to the reception of the Gregorian schedule, most nations praised the new year on March 25th (the date known as the Annunciation of Mary). The Gregorian schedule changed this date to January first (a date related with the Circumcision of Christ). In light of this adjustment in the beginning of the new year, some early records utilized an uncommon dating strategy, known as twofold dating, to check dates which fell between January 1 and March 25. A date, for example, 12 Feb 1746/7 would demonstrate the finish of 1746 (Jan 1 †March 24) in the old style and the early piece of 1747 in the new style. Genealogists by and large record these twofold dates precisely as found to stay away from conceivable misinterpretation.â Next Special Dates Archaic Date Terms Julian versus Gregorian Calendars Gala Days Other Special Dating Terms Antiquated terms are basic in more seasoned records, and dates dont get away from this use. The term moment, for instance, (for example in the eighth moment alludes to the eighth of this current month). A comparing term, ultimo, alludes to the earlier month (for example the sixteenth ultimo methods the sixteenth of a month ago). Instances of other age-old utilization you may experience incorporate Tuesday last, alluding to the latest Tuesday, and Thursday next, which means the following Thursday to happen. Quaker-Style Dates Quakers regularly didn't utilize the names of the months or days of the week on the grounds that the greater part of these names were gotten from agnostic divine beings (for example Thursday originated from â€Å"Thor’s Day†). Rather, they recorded dates utilizing numbers to portray the day of the week and month of the year: [blockquote shadeno]7th da third mo 1733 Converting these dates can be particularly precarious in light of the fact that the Gregorian schedule change must be considered. The main month in 1751, for instance, was March, while the first month in quite a while January. If all else fails, consistently interpret the date precisely as written in the first record. Different Calendars to Consider While investigating in France, or in nations under French control, somewhere in the range of 1793 and 1805, youll most likely experience some abnormal looking dates, with amusing sounding months and references to the time of the Republic. These dates reference the French Republican Calendar, likewise normally alluded to as the French Revolutionary schedule. There are numerous outlines and instruments accessible to assist you with changing over those goes once again into standard Gregorian dates. Different schedules you may experience in your exploration incorporate the Hebrew schedule, the Islamic schedule and the Chinese schedule. Date Recording for Accurate Family Histories Various pieces of the world record dates in an unexpected way. Most nations work out a date as month-day-year, while in the United States the day is usually composed before the month. This has little effect when the dates are worked out, as in the above models, however when you stumble into a date composed 7/12/1969 it is difficult to tell whether it alludes to July twelfth or December seventh. To maintain a strategic distance from disarray in family ancestries, it is standard show to utilize the day-month-year position (23 July 1815) for every genealogical datum, with the year worked out in full to keep away from disarray about which century it alludes to (1815, 1915 or 2015?). Months are commonly worked out in full, or utilizing standard three-letter shortened forms. If all else fails about a date, it is commonly best to record it precisely as written in the first source and remember any translation for square sections.

Eliminating Plastic Bottles in the United States

Question: Compose an exposition on Eliminating Plastic Bottles in the United States? Answer: Presentation The utilization of plastic jugs in the United States is expanding from the only remaining century. Plastic containers have upgraded the contamination in condition through the significant rate. There are numerous organizations that are suing the plastic containers so as to pack the drinking water or other prepared to drink things. The expansion in the utilization of plastic containers is expanding at the disturbing rate. This exposition investigates the plastic jugs in the U.S. This exposition means to think of the threats identified with plastic jugs, and bolster the perusers with end arrangements, so they could decrease the natural perils. Expanding utilization of Plastic Bottles Plastic water bottles are typically accessible anyplace that too at the low cost and at simple accommodation. As of now, plastic container are utilized in the magnifying instrument, as the enterprises that are pointless wasteful and inefficient, when the spotless water of tap is accessible in different nations of the world. There are numerous arrangements just as options, which are proposed, for example, boycott of jug water, restriction on the creation of plastic, which is made through the assets other than the oil; embracing the arrangement of filtration so as to top off the stations . Each proposed arrangement present the different and diverse arrangement of positive just as negative characteristics, so as to advance towards the objective for receiving the supportable conveying water framework; it is very basic that all the positive properties of each option are really grasped and worked over it . Regardless of having the exacting kind of guidelines over the nature of water in America, the interest for plastic jug has expanded continually. By and by, around 20% of the all out populace relies upon the plastic jugs for their standard hydration. In the year 1990, the plastic container use has impressively expanded, and this has occurred as there are numerous sodas organizations has set up and has delivered the prepared to drink things. Every one of these organizations settled on the plastic containers, because of numerous specific reasons. Plastic jugs likewise offered wide scope of advantages to the organizations. Plastic containers appeared to have semi-inflexible towards unbending that depends over the lightweight and thickness. The plastic jugs give reasonable gas just as hindrances of dampness, dissolvable and liquor obstructions. They additionally utilize the polyvinyl liquor, so as to limit the penetrability. The organizations likewise utilize the plastic jugs, as they give modest method of assembling it. Plastic jugs in USA Plastic jugs are contrasted and different sorts of bundling that offers the opportunity of reusing. The utilization of plastic containers has begun turning out to be significant issue to the world just as United States. In U.S, for instance, the utilization of plastic containers expanded by 500%. At present, around 1 million tons of plastic is utilized in water bottle, and soda pops in a year. The rate by which plastic container gas utilized has strikingly gone high in contrast with its reusing. This has occurred as the plastic reusing has gotten chaotic and wasteful. The plastic jug reusing isn't really at the comparative pace, same as underway. The rate through which these organizations are going into the market has upset the rate by which they are reused. When the individuals utilize these containers, they really toss them. The utilization of plastic jugs has presented significant issues of condition in the USA. The issues related with the utilization of plastic containers have affected each individual. It additionally impacts the youngsters, grown-ups, female, men, and youth in the general public. For the most part, it impacts the total populace, in all aspects of USA. This occurred because of the utilization of plastic jugs that dirties the earth. The issues identified with the utilization of plastic containers have affected nature in direct manner, and the individuals who associate with the earth likewise get affected. For instance, in the year 2006, 2 million of the liter containers in the USA. They made around a great many huge amounts of plastic that expansion a worldwide temperature alteration contamination just as upset the air position. Alone in New York, the filtered water from Western Europe determined that 2800 tons of an unnatural weather change contamination has gone in the air. In the city of California, 18 million of the plastic jug has caused around 2500 tons of the an unnatural weather change contamination. Issues run over the way that plastic jug dont be biodegrade, they really structure the changeless type of landfills. Consistently, individuals in America toss 6 million of containers. Its prominent that from the 26 buffalo, there are just 15% of the jugs that get reused. This has come about into obstructing of the landfills that cause through the absence of arrangement of reusing of plastic container. The plastic containers principally utilize the different petroleum products, which generally contaminate the earth. Individuals in USA normally buy the container water in contrast with others on the planet. Present filtered water comes to around 29 billion of the plastic jugs in the earth. With the end goal of think of measure of plastic container, producers utilize 17 million around of barrel of unrefined petroleum. This expense to the nation in setting of the fuel, which goes in the filtered water creation. The issues identified with the utilization of plastic jug incorporate the way that from the six jugs utilized; one of them goes in the reusing procedure. The opposite finish of the plastic container goes in waterways, seas land, or lakes. The plastic container fabricates requirements to have the mix of oil and gas. In this way, the plastic jug creation carets the upsurge the procedure of fuel as there is appeal. A large portion of the plastic sacks and containers as a rule make the significant monetary just as ecological weight. They normally expend the expanding vitality just as other regular assets, which corrupt nature in different ways. Alongside this, utilizing the non-renewable energy source and different assets, plastic things attempt to make the litter, sway marine life just as undermine the base of life on the earth. They additionally produce around 25 million of huge amounts of plastic in US every year. Its prominent that in the year 2009, around 30 million tons of plastic was created in America, and around 2 million ton was really recuperated. In the year 2009, around 2.12 million ton of plastic was reused in America. In any case, just 7.1% was produced in 2009. In the year 2009, reusing arte of plastic container was around 2.5 billion pounds that comes to around 28% of the plastic jugs, which are devoured in the USA. According to the financial aspects, in the year 2009, around $485 million of plastic was squandered in America, which originates from 1000 family units living in USA and originates from center pay gathering. According to the openness, there are around 94% of the Americans that approaches the reusing of plastic jug and around 40% of the all out populace can reuse their plastic holders, for example, covers just as dairy tubs. In around 100 urban areas through the 2500 network individual, the populace rate having the availability to reuse the plastic holders alongside bottles has expanded continuously 2008. As indicated by reused content, around 8 million of the plastic containers that are created in America in 2009 are reused; the material delivered is around 22 million of the enormous shirts. The plastic jug reuse in 2009, offer the crude material of 7 million shirts, and 44% ascent in 2009 of reused plastic is utilized in refreshment and food. According to the vitality, each pound of the reused plastic that is utilized instead of virgin material wipe out the utilization of vitality in the creation of plastic by 84% alongside 71% of ozone depleting substance emanation. If there should arise an occurrence of plastic sacks and reusing, in the year 2009, there is around 855 million pounds of plastic jug is reused in USA that comes to around 31% from 2005. If there should be an occurrence of financial aspects, just 9% of the complete plastic containers were reused in 2009, which infers 3470 tons. US is the most noticeably terrible wrongdoer if there should arise an occurrence of plastic container. The nation top in the top rubbish maker everywhere throughout the world, that comes to around 5% of the number of inhabitants in earth that creates around 40% of the misuse of the earth (DIANE Publishing Company 1991). Its prominent that common group of US devours around 182 gallons of the pop, 29 gallons of the juice, around 104 gallons of the milk, and around 26 gallons of the filtered water each year. The primary inquiry is that how US could turn out to be naturally solid spot in worry to plastic jugs. There are numerous different nations like UK and Japan that are organized towards reusing programs so as to decrease the plastic jug squander. Inquisitively, there are numerous laws, which really non-existent in the nation like America, and numerous willful endeavors are taken that have gotten ineffective. End If there should be an occurrence of the plastic jugs, there may be laws that make store and make it obligatory to reuse the plastic jug. There are numerous states that have made the laws compulsory. In the United States, they have stores of plastic containers, and the pace of reusing has expanded by 85% continuously 2008. The potential variables of plastic containers can likewise be applied if there should be an occurrence of aluminum jars, and store could likewise be forced. In any case, its prominent that aluminum is reliably worth of cash at the piece seller; in this way, one could consider the money related pay. References Boone and Kurtz. Contemporary Marketing. Cengage Learning, 2011. Carlson. Science Is Technology. Harvard University Press, 2010. DIANE Publishing Company. We should Reduce And Recycle: Curriculum For Solid Waste Awareness. DIANE Publishing, 1991. Struggles. Lessening Waste. Red Chair Press, 2014. Jamieson. A Companion to Environmental Philosophy. John Wiley Sons, 2008. Knight. Plastic Pollution. Raintree, 2013. Mama. Proficient Marketing and Advertising Essays and Assignmen

Public Health of the Developing Country of South Africa Essay Example for Free

General Health of the Developing Country of South Africa Essay Conceptual Studies and measurements have put the expense of one year prerequisite of standard fundamental meds required for the treatment of AIDS at $ 4000 to $ 6000 in creating nations like South Africa. This cost puts the drugs out of the compass of the greater part of the individuals contaminated by HIV in the creating nations. So as to make the medications accessible to all the penniless individuals the expense ought to have been at any rate 95 percent less. The over the top cost is a direct result of the expense of the licenses. The medications ensured by the licensed innovation rights were required to treat ailments like Tuberculosis, notwithstanding the medicines of HIV/AIDS. Such medications likewise included Hepatitis-B Vaccine. There has been a constant analysis by the social activists and other general wellbeing relationship, of the activity by the World Trade Organization in making the creating nations execute the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement which manages the assurance of Intellectual Property rights identifying with the fundamental medications. They have additionally been denouncing the demeanor of the global organizations in enjoying over the top campaigning to demand the usage of the IP rights security which will have the impact of improving their profit by charging extravagant costs for the medications and for putting the fundamental medications and human services past the reasonableness of scores of individuals in the creating countries including South Africa. Anyway under such conditions the connection between the administration of South Africa and the worldwide pharmaceutical organizations had not been a favorable one †on account of the usage of the arrangements of TRIPS Agreement. On the choice of the South African Government to pass the Medicines and Related Substances Amendment Act in the year 1997, 39 medication organizations joined to start legitimate activity against the administration. The supplication of the medication organizations is that the Act gave a lot of opportunity of activity to the Health Minister and he acted past the real understanding of TRIPS. It was the undertaking of South Africa to make life sparing medications accessible at reasonable costs. The nation needed to adequately use the obligatory authorizing openings opened by TRIPS so the costs of the medications could be put under check. Be that as it may, since the activity of the legislature represented a danger to the acquiring limit of the worldwide pharmaceutical organizations they went to the degree of going into case with the administration of South Africa. Presentation Excursions (Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) under the authority of the WTO were established to ensure overall protected innovation rights. The understandings, overseeing progressively broad protected innovation rights as well as those of the pharmaceutical business, are genuinely severe causing numerous issues for creating nations particularly South Africa which is being assaulted by pandemics which incorporates AIDS. As indicated by a factual overview by United Nations[1] 20 percent of the grown-up populace in South Africa tests positive for HIV. The effect of the malady is with the end goal that the greater part a million kids have been pronounced vagrants. It is additionally announced that HIV/AIDS related illnesses hope to diminish the normal future in South Africa by 20 years in the year 2010. In this manner it tends to be construed that the arrangement of treatment of HIV/AIDS in South Africa is a high need issue[2]. It has been essential for South Africa to go around part of the TRIPS understandings with an end goal to secure its population.â AIDS is taking extraordinary cost of the nation leaving families without guardians and human services medical clinics absolutely incapable to adapt. The United States at present demands the TRIPS understanding being carefully clung to and appears to be not able, or reluctant, to figure out how to assist the creating countries with this issue. There have been a few endeavors made to help them in this regard, for instance mandatory permitting and equal valuing and these techniques will be inspected in a later segment. The arrangement of the TRIPS Agreement has been translated as one that was persuasively presented by the creating nations against the complaint of a significant number of the creating countries. The modern halls (worldwide and transnational partnerships) have persuaded the administrations of the created nations to connect the global exchange with Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) so the mechanical headway of the creating nations would be diminished. This would consequently forestall impersonation of advancements and increment the profits on innovative work for the created nations. Restraining infrastructure rights allowed under IPR were chiefly planned to hinder the creating nations from progressing on the industrialization. Subsequently TRIPS Agreement and the assurance of IPR have been utilized to guarantee the relative bit of leeway of the created nations as far as the innovative turn of events. Under TRIPS nations like India, Brazil which produces nonexclusive drugs would not reserve the option to fare such prescriptions with impact from 01 January 2005. This is so regardless of the way that the bringing in nations do have the particular licenses covering the medications. Explicitly the least creating nations have put a solid protection from the prerequisites of TRIPS particularly in the matter of allowing the assurance rights for the items and procedures. While creating nations were required to execute the arrangements inside one year of agreeing, the creating nations were given time until the year's end 2004. In the matter of assurance of privileges of pharmaceutical items the rent creating nations have been permitted to defer the execution of TRIPS Agreement arrangements till the year 2016. The eccentricity with the arrangements of TRIPS is that it permits any nation to abrogate the patent right under certain particular conditions by utilizing the mandatory authorizing methodology. For example when there is a lack of medications or the costs of the medications are too high to even think about making them excessively expensive the nation can abrogate the patent if the recommended systems are followed. This arrangement of TRIPS assumes that all the nations do have the necessary assembling offices which empower them to utilize the arrangements to create nonexclusive drugs under uncommon conditions. In any case, shockingly a large number of the creating and least creating nations don't gangs such offices, and subsequently they would be left with lack of such medications. Moreover they are likewise not permitted to import the generics from those nations that have them. Regardless these nations need more force and managerial capacities to summon the TRIPS Agreement either because of the explanation that they don't have the skill required to reengineer the medications or they dread approvals from the US and the West[3]. Excursions Agreement under WTO The TRIPS Agreement is frequently thought of as one of the three â€Å"pillars† of the WTO (World Trade Organization), exchange merchandise and enterprises being the other two.[4] Excursions, at first piece of GATT. In any case, turning out to be a piece of the WTO brief, was established to guarantee that security of protected innovation rights was not, of itself, an obstacle to exchange and to expand participation between individuals. Under the TRIPS understanding every part state has a commitment to treat all other part states similarly. The WTO haggles among individuals and causes them to comprehend and do the guidelines and guidelines they have joined to. It likewise helps participation among individuals and goes about as a guard dog to guarantee that the understanding is clung to. Promoting privileges of a patent, when initially applied for, are given for a time of 5 years or until the patent is at long last affirmed (whichever is the shorter period) however in any event, during this period individuals must conform to the principles and guidelines as set out in Articles 3 and 4. As a result of the idea of the understanding particularly as respects pharmaceuticals, it was concluded that base principles could be utilized, the USA lean towards the better expectations however acknowledges the base as the creating scene doesn't have the ability to work to the better expectations right now. Open consciousness of the major issue of AIDS and different maladies has prompted the beliefâ (by the WTO) that wellbeing must, in the last examination, precede understandings since the spread of AIDS can't be the sole duty of one nation. In attempting to overcome any barrier between the pharmaceutical organizations and the creating countries, TRIPS has tried to unite the different sides by permitting augmentations to drugs’ licenses yet has additionally permitted some obligatory authorizing. Article 3(a) under the TRIPS Agreement expresses that treatment of all individuals must be equal,â yet Article 3(b) is a get-out provision and Article 4(b) states that all individuals are equivalent, except if a †¦agreement was gone into before the WTO agreement.â However, the Council for TRIPS must be educated regarding any non-recognition of Article 3(a) under Article 3(b). The TRIPS Agreement guarantees that individuals release their responsibilities to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Some portion of the United Nations WIPO was set up in 1974 explicitly to coordinate global bargains and understandings. The Paris Convention on Industrial Property and the Berne Convention on Copyright, two of the significant settlements have been brought under the TRIPS umbrella.â The previous states that â€Å"members must conform to the commitments they have towards each other† and â€Å"nothing must substitute the method for such obligations†.â â However, as noted, there is a get-out provision in instances of crisis which must be recognized by individuals to the understandings. There is additionally an understanding that part nations screen each other for

History of the American Economy Essay - 1375 Words

History of the American Economy (Article Sample) Content: NameProfessorSubjectDateHistory of American EconomyQuestion 1: Main Causes of the Great DepressionThe Great Depression refers to a grave global economic depression that was experienced in many nations in the decade that preceded the Second World War. It is recorded that the Great Depression traces its origin back in the United States, and this started at around 1930, following the fall in stock prices that occurred in late 1929 (Gray and Hugh 418). Indeed, it is acknowledged to being the deepest, lengthiest, and most severe global economic depression that ever occurred in the 20th century. The primary cause of this depression, which remains to be the most significant event in the American economic history, is believed to be the fall or crash of the stock market that commenced in the October of 1929. Sarah (par 3) asserts to this by stating that the October 1929 stock market crash is believed to be the immediate origin of the Great Depression, but there were numerous d ifferent elements and long haul-causes that emerged in the years before the Depression. The Great Depression has mistakenly been held by many scholars to be the same as the stock exchange failure or crash that took place on what is commonly referred to as the Black Tuesday (October 29, 1929). Actually, it was one of the real causes that prompted the Great Depression, according to Gray and Hugh (420). Eight weeks after the initial crash or failure in October, stockholders complained of having experienced a loss of over forty billion US dollars. Despite the fact that the share trading system started to recapture some of its misfortunes before the end of 1930, it simply was insufficient, and America positively entered what is known as the Great Depression. In the 1920's more individuals put resources into money markets than at any other time, and it was between May 1928 and September 1929 that the normal stock prices rose by 40% (Sarah par 5). Stock prices escalated so rapidly that at the end of the decade, some individuals got rich overnight from the purchases and sales of stocks. Individuals could purchase stocks for just a 10% initial installment, and this culminated to an upsurge of the number of shareowners from 4 million to 20 million between 1920 and 1929. With these artificially low rates of interests together with a thriving economy, organizations and individuals put resources into over-priced stocks. Throughout 1928-1929 periods, the prices of numerous stocks escalated quicker than the organizations value presented by the stocks. Indeed, this was similar to pouring fuel onto a fire, whereby the blazes ascended, but no enduring fuel was added; even so, the economy looked incredible beyond any reasonable doubt.The other causal factor that contributed to the occurrence of the Great Depression is the reduction in purchasing across the board. Sarah (par 6) mentions that people may have quit making new purchases with the intention to lessen the danger of losi ng things they recently had purchased on credit terms. All the same, there was a huge decline in consumer spending that brought down prices, and this implied that commercial organizations, farmers as well as commonwealths could not reimburse their financial obligations or debts. With the share market failure, coupled with the apprehensions of further fiscal misfortunes, people from all social classes ceased executing item purchases. This then prompted a diminishment in the amount of things manufactured, which consequently led to a decrease in the industrial workforce. Many individuals continued to suffer job loss, meaning that keeping up with the paying for things they had purchased on installment basis became difficult. This unfortunately led to repossession of their things, even as more inventories began to accrue. The rate of unemployment rose over 25%, a phenomenon that automatically implied less spending to aid in assuaging this economic condition.The Great Depression was also caused by bank failures that were experienced throughout the 1930s, where thousands of banks were shut down. Sarah (par 7) asserts to this by stating that the stock values fell, banks and industrial plants closed down, stockholders were wiped out, and a large number of Americans were left poor and jobless. Moreover, bank deposits were left uninsured, and this led to intensified bank failures; something that essentially subjected many individuals to loss of savings. To exacerbate the situation, the surviving banks that were uncertain of the budgetary circumstance and concerned about their survival in the crisis became unwilling to process new loans; something that worsened the fiscal situation prompting lessened expenditures. The tax and tariff policies adopted by the American economy during the 1930s are also thought to have contributed to the Great Depression. An example is the Smoot-Hawley Tariff developed by the American federal government aiming at protecting the American corpor ations as businesses started to suffer failure. With such policies, there were high charges for imports, which accordingly prompted less trading transactions between America and overseas nations alongside some budgetary reprisal. Sarah (par 4) specifies that America entered the 1920s with Warren Harding as president; a Republican president and a laissez-faire entrepreneur who supported policies that permitted monopoly formation, minimized trade regulations and taxes, and permitted income and wealth inequality to achieve record levels. Calvin perpetuated Hardings strategies of marginal intervention by the federal government in business and economic matters after the latters death. Under Coolidge, the share trading system, started experiencing some improvement, and after five years, there had been a 25% reduction of the top tax rate. It is worth noting that it is during Coolidges time that the Supreme Court made a vital ruling, which further restricted the amount of control that the g overnment exercised over monopolies.The last factor believed to have caused the Great Depression, though in an indirect manner, is the agriculture-related failure due to artificial as well as natural factors. The artificial factors that led to agricultural failure, and hence economic Depression as Sarah (par 8) notes, is the bank failures in the areas of agriculture. This is to state that there was much money lost by various agriculturists and farmers during this time, meaning that they were rendered unable to pay for theirs farm mortgages. Those who could not manage to pay for their land were indeed compelled to move, and this explains why the late 1920s and early 1930s were characterized by prospering businesses and less prosperous farmers. To worsen the situation, natural forces hit the nations and the natural factor realized during the Great Depression period is the drought that occurred in the Mississippi Valley in 1930. This is thought to have contributed to the Great Depressi on in the sense that numerous individuals could not even pay their duties or alone other debts, meaning that they had to sell these mortgages and farms at a loss.Question 2: Reasons as to Why the Great Depression Lasted LongThe Great Depression, established to have started in 1930 the United States and other nations, is believed to have lasted for over a decade, that is, until the late-1930s or mid-1940s. Lee (par3-4) says that the Depression lasted longer than it ought to have taken, and this is because of manufacturing output failur...

Assessing Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace

There are many different positions in an organization that require different knowledge, skills and abilities. Supervisory and management positions encompass more than just technical knowledge, skill and expertise in their given area, but being leaders over others. This is of interest to organizations in having leaders who are able to motivate, understand and get their teams to work together. Many organizations are looking to improve their performance and productivity through finding and placing the right people in leadership positions. How the concept of emotional intelligence and its evolution has come to the forefront in assisting companies about leadership performance and decisions will be discussed along with the debate among†¦show more content†¦Cognitive ability can be measured through intelligence quotient tests and the results of these tests change little over a course of a person’s lifetime (Colfax, Rivera, Perez, 2010). Emotional intelligence can be us ed for developmental and intervention in an organization (Daus Askanasy, 2003). There are others who do not agree with certain approaches to emotional intelligence. In the paper entitled â€Å"Will the Real Emotional Intelligence Please Stand Up? On Deconstructing the Emotional Intelligence Debate, the authors do not agree with the mixed model approach presented by Bar-on and Goleman for emotional intelligence as they believe the non-cognitive abilities are a way of restating and expanding upon personality traits, it does not meet psychometric standards and there are no clear measurement rubrics. The researchers also state that this approach relies on self assessments and perceptions of personality characteristics and competencies than on a person’s actual emotional ability (Daus Askanasy, 2003). Analysis of Three Emotional Intelligence Assessments The popularity of emotional intelligence in the workplace has many organizations using assessments to help them select for leadership positions. One assessment that can be chosen is the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test Version 2.0 (MSCEIT) which links a person’s emotions with their thinking. This measures a person’s knowledge about emotions.Show MoreRelatedAfter Taking The Values In Action (Via) Inventory Of Strengths,1285 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough I am not surprised that my top character strength is honesty, it was interesting to learn my other top strengths. Taking the Emotional Intelligence (EQ) and Leadership Self-Assessment introduced me to my social and self-intelligence. Using the KAB model, I was able to identify knowledge, attitude and behavior strengths for both self and social intelligence. 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General Aviation Safety Security Practices - 1321 Words

General Aviation Safety and Security Practices Capt. ELhadi Y. Nour AM 645 March /20/2010 SUMMARY Over the past 40 years, safety in the general aviation arena has greatly improved. The reasons are many and include improved aircraft reliability, pilot training enhancements, and better weather reporting capabilities. One often overlooked contributor to this safety record is the contribution made on the ground by general aviation airport operators, as well as those fixed base operators (FBOs) who service general aviation aircraft. In addition, often included as an aspect of aviation safety but different in both its planning and response, is airport security. Since 2001, airport security has been the primary†¦show more content†¦In the initial uncertainty of the post-9/11 aviation security world many different aviation groups worked to develop security guidelines for general aviation airports. This was done in an effort to be proactive and give the airport community a baseline from which to establish its own set of operating practices. These guidelines ranged in comp lexity from the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association’s (AOPA) Airport Watch Program, to Security Planning for General Aviation Airports (2004) developed by the Florida Airports Council, to the Terrorism Protective Measures Resource Guide (2005) assembled by the state of Colorado’s Office of Preparedness and Security, and ultimately the TSA’s Security Guidelines for General Aviation Airports (2004). There appears to be operational and procedural overlap in all of these documents; however, each offers a unique viewpoint developed from their own perspectives. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTED RESEARCH Airports, fixed base operators (FBOs), and other entities at general aviation airports approach safety and security seriously. The general aviation community has adapted to the safety needs of its users over the years and reduced accident/ incident statistics are a direct result of this action. On the security side of the equation the industry has been quick to adopt the new reality of increased security at airports without the need for regulation. All of this isShow MoreRelatedEssay ICAO - The International Civil Aviation Organisation 1129 Words   |  5 Pagesin the air handle each and every one of these flights in the same way and the organisation responsible for setting these complex standards and procedures is the International Civil Aviation Organisation, which is a part of the United Nations Organisation. The ICAO is working on, among other things, improving the safety of the African air transport sector and implementing a new navigation standard worldwide in an attempt to ac hieve its aims. 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Absorbent Mind Theory free essay sample

This paper will explore Dr. Maria Montessori’s Absorbent Mind Theory, the implementation of The Absorbent Mind Theory in Montessori practices; The Absorbent Mind Theory’s relation to Wallace J. Kahn’s ABC Model and to my own personal philosophy statement, in regards to the education of young children. The Absorbent Mind Theory states that the minds of young children, ages birth to six-years-old, are comparable to sponges, in that they ‘soak up’ information and knowledge. (Morris, 2002) However, the absorbent mind has two different phases, the first of which takes place from birth to age three. This stage of the absorbent mind is acquiring his or her basic abilities, for example; speaking, walking, and potty training. This stage of the absorbent mind is referred to as ‘the period of unconscious creation’ or the ‘unconscious absorbent mind. ’ (Shortridge, 2001) This portion of The Absorbent Mind Theory is particularly apparent when comparing an adult trying to learn a second language to a toddler learning his or her first language. A child acquires their first language without direction or conscious effort, generally beginning to form syllables by six-months, first words by one-year of age and sentences by age three. According to Montessori (1967), once the first stage of the absorbent mind was successfully implemented, the second stage; referred to as the ‘period of conscious work’ or the ‘conscious absorbent mind’ began. This is the age when the child begins to act on the things his or her mind has absorbed. (Hendron, 2011) The main task during this stage is freedom and independence. The child wants independence, often children in this second stage will say, â€Å"LET ME DO IT! † Many key points of Montessori’s Absorbent Mind Theory are being confirmed through brain research being conducted today. (Morris, 2002) Although Montessori’s Absorbent Mind Theory is of her own findings, including several years of observing children with exceptionalities, she was originally influenced by the works of several theorists, including Jean Marc Gaspard Itard, Edouard Seguin, Friedrich Frobel, and Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi. (Kramer, 1988) (Montessori, 1967) These theorists particularly influenced Montessori’s views on the importance of sensory exploration. Montessori Schools implement six principles, Independence, Observation, Following the Child, Correcting the Child, Prepared Environment and Absorbent Mind. These are the goals and beliefs that Dr. Montessori thought were the key elements to successfully educating children. (Kramer, 1988) The first principle is independence, which Montessori schools provide by allowing children the opportunities to perform tasks such as dressing, feeding, assisting in cleaning and so on. It is generally known that when children are able to do things for themselves they have higher self-confidence and esteem, which are essential for life. The second principle, observation, is essential in early childhood education. Observation provides teachers with clues that tell them what the child needs are. The third principle, Following the Child, basically means to let the children lead. If a child wants to climb, the teacher may provide a safe structure to climb on. This ties in directly with observation. The fourth principle, correcting the child, refers to appropriate methods to correct children’s mistakes. For example, if a child mispronounces a word, repeat the word correctly, without telling them that they mispronounced it. Montessori believed that correcting children in a negative manner may result in them being fearful of trying because they may make a mistake. Prepared environment basically means that the environment be accessible for children, since they are directing their own learning. Finally, absorbent mind is implemented into the Montessori Method of teaching. This explains why teachers are encouraged to use model behavior when working with young children. Children’s young minds are absorbing everything, and this includes behaviors modelled by adults and other children. As I am an early childhood education student, I am often exploring different methods and techniques to foster children’s learning and development. Maria Montessori believed that children have the innate desire to learn about the world around them. (Kramer, 1988) After several years of observing children and their journey to fulfill that innate desire, Montessori concluded that children learn best through experience. (Lillard and Else-Quest, 2006) As part of my own (future) personal teaching philosophy, I am an advocate for learning through experiences, rather than through book work or teacher dictation. In line with Montessori methods of teaching, I am also an advocate for treating and teaching children as individuals who have different interests, learning styles, and personalities; rather than assuming that all children enjoy the same activities and have the same interests. Montessori’s Absorbent Mind Theory and Kahn’s ABC Model are related in many ways. The most notable being that Kahn’s processes of assimilation and accommodation relate to ‘the period of unconscious creation’ or the ‘unconscious absorbent mind. ’ As I previously stated, a child that is in ‘the period of unconscious creation’ or the ‘unconscious absorbent mind’ only knows the world through the senses. Children in this stage are assimilating the things they absorb into their schemata. As Kahn (1999) states in Chapter 8, cognitive development and learning require continuous assimilation, and period accommodation. Montessori’s Absorbent Mind Theory states that children in the first stage are absorbing the information, which they will sort out in the second stage. This relates to the assimilation and periodic accommodation of information later on, because when children are between the ages of birth and three years old they do not have to cognitive ability to make periodic accommodations. Once a child reaches the second stage, referred to as the ‘period of conscious work’ or the ‘conscious absorbent mind’, they are expanding their exploration of the world and building on the schemata they have already begun to construct during the first stage. Kahn refers to this process as accommodation. In conclusion, although Maria Montessori’s Absorbent Mind Theory was high criticized during it’s time; today it is being implemented all over the world in Montessori Schools. Neuroscientists are now able to see how the brain develops, which has led to emphasis being placed on experiences in early childhood, the importance of children’s environments and their sensory experiences. (Morris, 2002) We should be feeding our children’s absorbent minds with positive, enriching experiences and opportunities.

Lady Audleys Secret By Braddon Essays - Sensation Novel,

Lady Audley's Secret By Braddon Lady Audley's Secret, by Mary Elizabeth Braddon, is a novel of many elements. It has been placed in many different style or genre categories since its publication. I feel that it best fits under the melodrama or sensational genre, and under the subgenre of mystery. It contains significant elements of both types of writing, so I feel it is best to recognize both, keeping in mind that melodrama is its main device and mystery is a type of Victorian melodrama. In order to understand how the story fits into these categories, it is necessary to explore the Victorian characteristics of each, and apply them to the text. In addition to establishing the genres, it is important to explain why and how these genres fit into Victorian culture. The term melodrama has come to be applied to any play with romantic plot in which an author manipulates events to act on the emotions of the audience without regard for character development or logic (Microsoft Encarta). In order to classify as a Victorian melodrama, several key techniques must be used, including proximity and familiarity to the audience, deceit rather than vindictive malice, lack of character development and especially the role of social status. The sensational novel is usually a tale of our own times. Proximity is indeed one great element of sensation. A tale which aims to electrify the nerves of the reader is never thoroughly effective unless the scene be laid out in our own days and among the people we are in the habit of meeting. In keeping with mid-Victorian themes, Lady Audley's Secret is closely connected to the street literature and newspaper accounts of real crimes. The crimes in Braddon's novel are concealed and secret. Like the crimes committed by respected doctors and trusted ladies, the crimes in Lady Audley's Secret shock because of their unexpectedness. Crime in the melodrama of the fifties and sixties is chilling, because of the implication that dishonesty and violence surround innocent people. A veneer of virtue coats ambitious conniving at respectability. Lady Audley's Secret concludes with a triumph of good over evil, but at the same time suggests unsettlingly that this victory occurs so satisfyingly only in melodramas (Kalikoff, 96). Everything that Lady Audley does seems calculated. Unlike violent stories of the past in which a criminal kills for the sake of killing, Lady Audley is brilliant in her bigamy, her arson, and her "murder". The nature of her crimes reflect a general fear of intimate and buried violence, suggesting a growing anxiety about being threatened from within. Her moves are calculated and planned. Murders and robberies spring from a specific social context, not from psychosis or vindictive malice (Kalikoff, 81). Murders in Victorian melodramas are often the result of elaborate plans to conceal identity, right a wrong or improve social status. A reader of Lady Audley's Secret might notice upon concluding the novel that he/she knows very little about the characters at hand. Instead of being fully developed into people who are easy to relate to, the characters in this novel are used more as symbols or pawns that are moved in order to bring attention to social or moral problems. This can best be seen in the character of Lady Audley. Lady Audley is not much of a person, rather she is nothing more than a representation of the threatening woman figure trying to make changes in a patriarchal world. Lady Audley evokes a fear of women's independence and sexuality. As a popular Victorian genre that trades on the power of the secret and frequently sexualized sins of its heroines, sensation fiction provides a resourceful perspective on the contradiction that frame these villainous victims who are simultaneously diseased, depraved, and socially and economically oppressed (Bernstein, 73). Lady Audley's ability to control the men in her life makes her a devilish figure. When she attempts to convince Sir Michael that Robert is insane with no proof and just her innocent looks, she is portraying the fears of many people in Victorian society: a woman with power is dangerous. In Lady Audley's Secret, crimes logically emerge from an environment in which social status is valued above everything. Crimes committed to improving social status usually focus around a man or woman with a past. Married to a man three times her age, Lady Audley would raise anyone's eyebrows, yet she successfully ensnares Sir Michael and very nearly achieves her ambitions. Who is safe when the most ruthless conniver insinuates herself into the aristocracy? (Kalikoff, 84). In Lady Audley's Secret, aristocrats

Eco Tourism In Costa Rica Essays - Tourism In Costa Rica, Costa Rica

Eco Tourism In Costa Rica Essays - Tourism In Costa Rica, Costa Rica Eco Tourism In Costa Rica The Republic of Costa Rica is in the midst of a dramatic transition from a small, Central American nation known for its bananas and good coffee into a gateway for international commerce between Latin America and the rest of the world and a well traveled, if not over traveled, tourist destinationand rightfully so. Costa Rica is a highly attractive country filled with beautiful mountain ranges, undisturbed beaches and friendly natives or Ticos. In addition, Costa Rica offers a highly educated work force, a stable economic and political environment, and exceptional communications and transportation networksespecially in comparison to its neighbors, Panama and Nicaragua. All of these national characteristics, and others, have been fueling a movement of multi-national companies, American retirees and tourists from around the world into Costa Rica, in order to benefit from these treasures. One may adequately predict that Costa Rica, specifically the capital city of San Jose and the coastal regions on both the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, have the potential of becoming the Silicon Valley and Ft. Lauderdale of Central America. That is to say, the major U.S. and European firms in the personal computer and software industries, along with retirees and tourists, will continue this trend of moving into Costa Rica for the next twenty five years and maybe more. This trend and its longevity present geographers, environmentalists, politicians and economists with a seemingly insurmountable task of preventing the destruction of Costa Ricas environment, culture, society and natural

3003 3b Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

3003 3b - Essay Example Accounting has its own specialist terms and vocabulary which is used to disseminate accounting-specific knowledge. For this reason, literacy development is important in reading and understanding accounting theories and concepts successfully. Major subjects like Accounting also involve extensive academic writing for which literary understanding is quite useful. Kerry Dirk has dedicated an entire essay explaining the importance of genre-specific knowledge in writing. Dirk describes how genres can be told from one another and he mentions that knowledge about a particular subject or genre is significant in understanding its meaning efficiently and accurately (249). Giving the example of a joke about country music, the author explains that understanding the joke requires a previous knowledge of the country music genre and its other elements. Similar is the case in writing where every major subject is symbolized by its distinct use of language, format, genres, jargons, and so on. For this reason, literary knowledge not only helps in understanding important concept but also helps in advancing the knowledge bank. Accounting is one major discipline which may use complex language in the sense that their meanings could differ in the accounting context as opposed to their common usage. In order to develop the literacy skills that help in understanding and absorbing accounting terminology and language, journal reading helps remarkably. My preparation for my majors in Accounting involved extensive gathering of accounting knowledge including current developments in the financial sector. Remaining updated with the latest information from the industry is also a major part of developing literacy skills. Reading assists in developing the necessary accounting-specific word bank and it also familiarizes an individual with the terms and their meanings which could later be used as a reference to an accounting concept. Reading academic accounting

Management accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 7

Management accounting - Essay Example This is a growing market as evident from the fact that  £ 85 billion is spent annually on UK tourism, especially London. About 50 % of this is by overseas visitors and the rest are by UK residents in day trips and staying away from home (UK-Culture, 2007). The book will be marketed to both the tourists and business visitors alike, as business tourism is also becoming increasingly common. In 2005, business tourism accounted to about 8 million visits to London (UK-Culture, 2007). The shareholders of the company will invest  £ 5,000 for the company. Another  £ 30,000 will be taken as a long term loan from the family with instalment payments starting from the third year with a standard rate of 0 % and in a period of 9 years. A loan of  £ 25,000 from NatWest bank will be availed at an interest rate of 6.4 % APR. The estimated sales for the initial year of operations are about 6,173 units. This amounts to an average sale of 515 units per month in the first year. The tourist industry in London is always active and the company estimates to sell all of the 515 units produced in the month irrespective of the season. The sales volume is presented in Appendix 2. The cash for the sales made in the month are collected within the end of the month (i.e., within a maximum period of 30 days). This way, the company will be able to maintain effective liquidity. The suppliers will be paid in two instalments, 50 % on purchase date and the remaining 50 % after 30 days. The books will be made based on a just in time strategy, thus reducing the inventory to zero. This will enable the company to effectively safe on storage costs as well. A total of 6,173 units will be sold in the first year and there will not be any closing stock in the monthly budget, as all the 525 units manufactured in the month will be sold. The initial inventory will be zero at start

Utilitarianism and Happiness Essay Example for Free

Utilitarianism and Happiness Essay This theory advocates that the actions worth is determined by maximizing utility (pleasure or happiness). it looks at the consequence of an action as to whether the outcome is good to the majority of people affected by it. According to Bentham, utilitarianism is the greatest happiness or greatest felicity principle. There are many types of this theory which include act vs. rule, two level, motive, negative and average vs. total. (Clifford G. , John C.2009). In act utilitarianism, when people have to make choices, they should consider the consequences of each choice and then choose that which will generate much pleasure. The rule utilitarianism looks at the rules of actions which are potential and looks at what would happen if a certain rule is followed and decides on following it if the outcomes are pleasurable. In the two-level utilitarianism, one uses intuition and they maximize the happiness. Motive utilitarianism deals with how people in reality function psychologically. In negative utilitarianism, one acts such that the least evil is promoted. Total utilitarianism allows the measurement of people’s utility depending on the total utility of those members while average utilitarianism allows measurement of utility of people by the basis of average utility of those people. (David L, 1965) Utilitarianism gives a very good conception of morality. This theory aims at achieving success and happiness and those who go to war want success and this is calculable in the theory. Utility can be looked at as increasing or decreasing in the world but it is not as easy as to be measured. For example, one can not measure happiness or pleasure of somebody. In war, what is most focused on is the security of the people and the freedom from any form of pain. If happiness is taken as a rule and not an act, we can then give ourselves the basis of measuring utility as per the theory. Peace and security of the people should be measured in the process of war and determined whether the outcome of any action is indeed fruitful. If these two lacks, there will be lack of respect for human right and the economic status will decrease. Utility measurement should not be restricted to a nation or a group but to all mankind. It this theory all actions are assessed depending on the outcome they give at the end. A utilitarian acts in such a way that everything he does is towards achieving an outcome which is good for it to be termed moral. Some wars however do not give good results and this is why a pacifist will not advocate for such. These include self-defense and those wars that are toward protecting genocides. The consequentiality prohibitions given against war are contingent for most parts. Utilitarianism view of pacifism is grounded in some rule-utilitarianism. A utilitarian pacifist argues that a rule against war or other sorts of violence will tend to promote the greatest happiness for majority of the people involved. Also this prohibition against violence can give greatest happiness and this takes into account the sentient beings happiness other than humans. From history, war produces more harm than what people view as good. There is one problem however for consequentalists as to whether war could cause more suffering that solving the problem. Utilitarian defenders then say that some of these wars increased pain and suffering. If people will go against wars then, happiness will be the ultimate result. In this theory, killing is justified if it will eventually give happiness in the end. An individual can act the way he wants but should be careful not to harm others. (William H. ,1999) Man should develop and exercise his capabilities so as to exist because man is a progressive being. Censorship and paternalism should be rejected so as to achieve knowledge and develop one in their capabilities. This theory agrees with the antiwar pacifist in that the actions of the war sometimes do not favor the outcome of happiness and pleasure as it advocate. Therefore there should be a drive against wars because instead of people solving that problem which had led them into war, they create pain in the same process. (Jeremy B. , 1979) However, if by going to war will bring pleasure to the majority involved, then wars should gear themselves towards this goal. This theory of utilitarianism is so convincing on its stand on antiwar pacifist because it argues its stand convincingly leaving those in it satisfied and feeling so moral in the sense that it presents as we have discussed. It clearly puts is stand on what it advocates for and this should not be assumed when it comes to wars. This is the ultimate goal of happiness and pleasure to the people according to Mill. (Mark P. , 1991) REFERENCES. :- Clifford G. , John C. Ethical Communication: Five Moral Stances in Human Dialogue. Columbia, MO. : University of Missouri Press, 2009. David L, Forms and Limits of Utilitarianism, 1965. Jeremy B. , An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation, 1789. Mark P. , Moral Philosophy of John Stuart Mill,Longwood Academic 1991. Wakefield, New Hampshire. ISBN 0-89341-681-9. William H. Contemporary Ethics: taking account of utilitarianism. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Inc. , 1999.

Bullfighting :: essays research papers

Bullfighting   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The spectacle of bullfighting pits a man against a charging bull. The bullfighter, called a matador, faces the bull in a large dirt-filled arena that is usually surrounded by spectators. Aided by a group of apprentices, called the cuadrilla, the matador goads the bull into charging at him. A bullfight usually features three matadors, each of whom fights two bulls. The bulls are of a distinctly savage breed especially trained to attack humans. A bullfight is relentless. If a matador is injured, another replaces him, and the bull is killed at the end of each match. To followers of bullfighting the contest between man and beast demonstrates human skill and courage as does no other sport. However, many people believe bullfighting is barbaric and inhumane.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The contest begins with a colorful grand entrance by the participants. The actual fight starts when the picadors, who are horse-mounted members of the cuadrilla. They fend off the bull's charges with sharp steel-tipped pikes, called pics. They weaken and anger the bull by piercing its neck and shoulders. Then come the banderilleros, named after their banderillas, or decorated barbed sticks. Clutching a stick in each hand, they rush the bull on foot and plant the barbs in the animal's neck, weakening and angering the beast even more.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finally the matador comes in for the kill. Brightly dressed, he uses a sword draped with a cloth, called muleta. After a number of intricate passes with the muleta, during which the matador must work extremely close to the bull, the matador sights the bull along his sword, runs forward, and plunges it in, aiming for the half-dollar-size spot between the shoulders. If the sword enters correctly between the shoulder blades, it severs the aorta, or great artery, and the animal dies almost instantly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A crowd-pleasing matador may be awarded one or both of the bull's ears or its ears and tail. An exceptionally fierce bull may be honored by having its body paraded around the arena. The one thing that sets the Spanish apart from most Europeans living beyond the Pyrenees mountains is their national spectacle of bullfighting. Every city and most towns of any size boast a bullring, where the crowds cheer their favorite but jeer the inept matador, or bullfighter, as he faces his large-horned adversary.

Whether the Construction Industry Is the ‘Pillar’ Industry in Hong Kong?

BRE216ECONOMICS FOR CONSTRUCTION AND REAL ESTATE Kwan Tsz Him (11168188D) Kwan Cheuk Pui (11055717D) Cheng Ming Xian (11704592D) Introduction Although Hong Kong has less land, there are always construction projects happening everywhere in Hong Kong, for example, West Kowloon Cultural District development, Kwun Tong redevelopment project, etc. However, workers and capital involved in the construction industry have been decreasing.In this report, we will discuss whether the construction industry is the ‘pillar’ industry in Hong Kong and we disagree with it. Focused industries As proposed by the Government decades ago, there are four ‘pillar’ industries in Hong Kong, namely, financial services, trading and logistics, tourism and producer and professional services. They account for about 60% of GDP and nearly half of the total workforce, in which construction industry is counted in the producer and professional services.In the 21st century, the Government wants to look forward and follow the trend of technological and advanced world, they proposed another six new ‘pillar’ industries, concerning testing and certification, medical services, innovation technology, culture and creative industries, environmental industry and education services, in which construction industry is not counted in any ‘pillar’ industry and no longer treated as important by the Government. Features of local construction industry There are several features for local construction industry in Hong Kong, with dangerous working environment being the major one.Without doubt, accidents happen all the time in Hong Kong when you simply flip through the newspaper. Some of the accidents are inevitable while some happened due to carelessness. For example, the workers may not be aware of the safety regulations, accidents always happen while the workers do not obey the safety regulations as well as not to follow the working regulations. Besides, competiti on between overseas contractors is keen. Nowadays, a lot of construction projects in Hong Kong are outsourced to overseas contractors. It is because the technology is more advanced in overseas countries such as in Germany, the United States, France, etc.With reasonable price and advanced technology, the other countries sometimes are more competitive. Moreover, labor intensive is also the label of construction industry in Hong Kong. Limited land with high population is a characteristic for Hong Kong. Labor can be easily found, however, is only applicable in the past. This will be examined in the report later. Concerning the environment, pollution is in line with the construction industry to a large extent. Since construction work will inevitably pose noise, air and sometimes water pollution.The pollution extent depends on the scale of the project. Basically, the larger scale of a construction project, the greater the pollution will be resulted. Reasons of excluding construction indus try as pillar an industry in Hong Kong As mentioned before, the feature of labor intensive can only be described in old years due to the transformation of economy. In late 80s, the HKSAR has been transforming the whole economy from labor intensive industry to commercial industry which is defined as tertiary services as finance and accounting, investing, banking and so on.In such knowledge-based society, the unemployment rate for those with low education level could be especially higher. Also, there is no new blood to enter such industry. This can actually be explained by the above phenomenon. Nowadays, most of the workers are 50 years old or above and the industry faces the aging problem. As this cannot be fixed, construction industry will decline gradually. Nowadays, the opportunity of receiving proper education is higher, thus the citizens do not willing to enter to an industry with gloomy future. Diagram showing the percentage of population distribution in different working secto rsAs for the construction industry, we may see that the percentages are actually fluctuating throughout the years and increased from 5. 4% to 6. 8% in 1971 and 2006 respectively. Only a light increase in population is resulted and also, it just accounts for a little percentage. Frankly speaking, a lot of buildings are, nowadays, built for different uses for economic development and social settlement. However, the problem of aging of such industry is becoming more serious and we can barely see how the government has implemented any scheme to cope with such problem.Total building and construction output and annual percentage change (Census and Statistics Department) | Total construction as % of GNP| Current value| 2006| 25. 1| 14. 2| 2007| 23. 7| -0. 1| 2008| 21. 1| -15. 6| 2009| 13. 8| -44. 6| 2010| 9. 2| -35. 0| Direct and indirect employment construction (Census and Statistics Department) As the diagram above suggests that the direct and indirect employment in construction is shrin king from 2004 to 2010. Also, the total output as well as the total construction as percentage of GNP is decreasing from 25. 1% to 9. 2% in 2004 and 2010 respectively.This data has indicated that the economic return and contribution to Hong Kong is contracting to a large extent. Construction distribution to GDP Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by Economic Activity – Percentage Contribution to GDP at Basic Prices (Census and Statistics Department) | 2006| 2007| 2008| 2009| 2010| Construction| 2. 7| 2. 6| 3. 0| 3. 2| 3. 3| Services| 91. 7| 92. 8| 92. 5| 92. 6| 92. 9| GDP refers to the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. From the table above, we can find that from 2006 to 2010, the construction industry only contributed about 3% to GDP.To compare with other industries, construction industry seems has not reach the standard of becoming a pillar in Hong Kong. The problem of construction industry in Hong Kong Building contractors in Hong Kong are usually small. The competition between domestic and foreign building contractors is keen, because our building technology is labor-intensive and traditional. They compete on price, and cut costs, and sometimes, very unfortunately, corner as well. Consequently, the problems of safety and lack of technology development happened. Besides, the building cost in Hong Kong is among the highest in advanced economies.As a result of low profitability, most industry participants adopt a short-term view on business development. Complex infrastructure projects have been undertaken by international contractors most of the time. According to Labour Department accident statistics for 2005, the accident rates per 1,000 workers in the construction industry is 59. 9, these figures were higher than the overall accident rate of 30. 6 per 1,000 workers in all industries. Due to the risk is higher than other industries, lack of graduates over the next two/three years will associate with con struction.The potential danger has reduced the possibility to attract leaving certificate students into the construction professions, it increases the difficulty to continue and expand the construction industry. Number distribution of workers in construction industry (Labour Department) | End of 2000| Beginning of 2009| Total workers| 83924| 51944| Public| 44355| 20825| Private| 32704| 31119| Building| 61676| 40772| Civil| 22248| 11172| Conclusion To conclude, we do agree that construction is very important in Hong Kong. Real estate is closely linked with the economy and it creates many job opportunities.During the â€Å"financial tsunami†, government even earmarked large amounts of public money on construction projects to stimulate the economy. However, the distribution from construction industry to GDP becomes less and less while compare with the past, it only holds about 3% of GDP every year. Besides, with many problems in this industries, it is not easy for the Government to make it as a ‘pillar’ industry. We suggest that the Government still need to put focus on construction industry but it need not to be the pillar industry in Hong Kong. Reference 1.Census and Statistics Department: Report on the Quarterly Survey of Construction Output, 3rd Quarter 2011 http://www. censtatd. gov. hk/freedownload. jsp? file=publication/stat_report/commerce/B10900022011QQ03B0100. pdf&title=Report+on+the+Quarterly+Survey+of+Construction+Output&issue=Third+Quarter+2011&lang=1 2. Census and Statistics Department: Real Estate Project Statistics http://www. censtatd. gov. hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistical_tables/index. jsp? tableID=119 3. Census and Statistics Department: Statistics in the industry section of construction http://www. enstatd. gov. hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistical_tables/index. jsp? tableID=116 4. HK Job News http://www. hkjobnews. com/2010/03/7. html 5. Construction Workers Registration Authority. Annual report http://www. cwra. org. hk /information/AnnualReport/report11/index. htm 6. Shair W, Bright horizon for Hong Kong's construction sector: Recruiting newcomers. http://www. careertimes. com. hk/english/article/show_article. asp? category_id=1037;article_id=14111;title=bright-horizon-for-hong-kong-s-construction-sector;listby=date;listby_id

Marketing Principles Strategies Tasks - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2648 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Narrative essay Level High school Did you like this example? Contents Introduction Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5 Introduction In this report we will be looking at a large organisation that we believe has used good principles of marketing to grow and business has become successful. Marketing is about identifying and understanding customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ needs and wants and we will be looking at their promoting and selling of products. This report will also explain how the organisation has used the marketing principles to grow to grow and succeed. We will also be looking at benefits of marketing orientation for HM retail store. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Marketing Principles Strategies Tasks" essay for you Create order Task 1 The definition of marketing is a method of communication that demonstrates the value of a product and service to a customer, the purpose of marketing to selling the product or service. Marketing is line that link between the buyer and the seller. Marketing activities and strategies outcome are making products available that content customers while making profits for the companies that offer the products. Marketing is more about understanding customers need and offer them what he need in a different way. HM Hennas Mauritz is a Swedish retail clothing company. It is fast fashion clothing for all type of gander, women, men, teenager and children. HM has 2,500 brands in 43 counties. HM is a customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s determined company, that Understand and try to meet their customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ needs, is at the core of everything they do. HM produce everything with a value for people and the environment. HM give a high-quality value to their products and the most important is reinforcement customers offering. HM offers and understand all the customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ need. HM offers fashion, quality clothe and even at good prices. The consequence for their store, this includes products being produced, transported and sold with care to people and the environment. HM makes more sustainable choices available to all customers around the world. HM promises are to provide fashion for aware customers. HM pay attention to their customers and offer them the products and collections they want with the designs and quality materials. HM always keep ahead of competition, to inspire and surprise customers and strengthen customers offering. As well as adding sustainability value to their products in which enables them to achieve. HM inform their customers about what they do to make fashion more sustainable in a clear and comprehensible way this is one of the main reasons, in which that make HM stay ahead in the competition. Communication well with custome r is one of the main key features of business. HM staff makes sure their customer are appreciated and enjoyed their shopping experience. HM offers for their customers all the easy ways for shopping. HM keep updating the latest fashion, whether clothes, bags, shoes or jewelleries. HM walks with the seasons as well, HM always offer sale which attracts the customers. They also do superior offers, were customers are able to buy one and get another half price or buy one get one for free. They have a policy were customers have about 30 days of refunds or exchanges, if there are not happy with their purchases. HM communicate effectively with customer through advertisements on websites, streets boards, magazines and company catalogue. HM develop by providing smart phone Apps, shopping online, media, they also offer card payments in store. Task 2 The benefited of Marketing oriented strategy are when HM forcing on customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ needs and wants. HM well known as Success Company where they know and understand what their customers want within every target market. HM produce and keep their product as cheaply as possible or in a low prices, so that they attract all kind of customers because customers will buy anything as much they can as long as ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cheap. HM offers all the type of cloth and other items, HM make sure that they seal everything for large amount of costumer that they may buy and need and even make sure the is the right product to the right target market. HM do not only seal in cheap prince, they also seal quality, style and fit to the fashion and thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s what attracts people most. Other way that HM attract the customers is that they have strong designer team and they proudest it fast. Market orientation helps HM to think how to develop the organisation in the future and be better than their competitors it also helps the business from failing. The advantages of Market orientation it has strong position to meet the challenge of new competition, market orientation react more quickly to changes in the market because of market information, however that may cost a lot of money. HM market orientation is that they are able to respond quickly to changes in the market because of their use of information. Task 3 HM looks deeply in clothing especially in female clothing. HM broke down the market into small section in which customers share common characteristic. HM focus on all characteristics, such as age, gender and family life style. They have got all the different age sections, people between ages the 16-50 inside the different ages, HM look in to their different life styles as well. The different lifestyles are student who is enjoying their time socialising, mums, working class which need to be dressed professional and teenagers. Beside the psychographic characteristics HM divide the benefits of each group, such as the income type, low prices for each psychographic characteristic. Student who is enjoining their time differently than the classic worker have different way that HM look into. Student age 16-25 with different income who love to be always on the top of fashion trends. Psychographic characteristic is important, where the customers have different life style, such as sporties t, enjoy parties, simple student and that makes HM provide all the type of different psychographic character HM keep updating the fashion for clothe and the other product, the benefited is to keep the student in teach with the latest fashion. The Benefited are more to the fashion, quality and the low prices. Classic women who want to looked professionals and fashionable too, HM also look differently into that segment, where the classic works has higher income than the students. The product for this segment has high price and more quality, as HM knows that kind of segment will be pay more no matter the price is. The demographic characteristics are the age 35-45 and the status, such as single, marriage and Mums. HM provide to those different characterises, different style of fashion, quality and even price. For example, single women would be more into fashion and make shopping than the marriage or the mums therefore the prices and even the style would be different than another. Mum s are always simple and most of them may not look into fashion, therefore HM has a special section with different choices of style that is suitable for them at good prices. HM also look at different cultures and religious for those segmentations, where they have all the styles that suite everyone. That depends on the location sometimes and the lifestyle at that area. HM has few competitive, such as Gap, Zara and Old Navy. However, the main worldwide competitor to HM is Zara, and the mainly reason is that their clothing style are similar. In comparison to Zara, HM offers is affordable to whose that do not work, unlike Zara it sells designer clothes mostly aimed to people that receive higher income. Comparing to other like Primark and Zara, HM has good quality cloths and suitable prices, where Primark has low prices but much less quality. The main reason why HM is ahead their competition is because of their following with celebrities. Task 4 The target customers of HM belong to the group of fashionable and trendy consumers who see shopping as a social activity providing pleasure in their daily life HM produce cheap products of responsible quality, and motivated by the latest fashion. HM offers all they the type clothing for men, children, babies and women. Beside the clothe HM also sale footwear and home decor. HM main target marker are women, who are the most look into the fashion what women wear and need, such as bags, all kind of cloths, jewellery, scarf, shoes, makeup and body care. HM offers different size, style and different colourers, all style jewellery and bags. According to the brand, HM use most of their product in their own brand, such as cloths scarf and jewellery. Some of the product has different brand such as the makeup and the body care, HM has the same product but in their own brands. However the different is the prices and even the quality. HM brand are sometimes low-priced then the other brand t hey seal in the store. For example, the nail polish has different prices; the HM brands are much cheaper than the other brands. Most of the women are not into brands, they enjoy most the style and the colours and if it on the fashion and have good quality, therefore HM do not care much on other famous brands. HM are known as a quality product and low prices. However, HM prices divided to a few sections, where the clothes are more fashionable and more quality that would be in best prices. That means HM set a high price for a product to highlight the product as high quality. HM prices are normally cheaper; some of the items are less than  £8, HM set price which is perceived as low like  £99.99 or  £5.49. Some items sales in HM found in other shops as well, HM sett normally the price similar or less to their competitive. As much as women with high income do not care about the price, where they pay what they like without worrying about the price. However, they lo ve their eyes to catch psychological pricing and premium pricing. HM always set the right product to the right price. As HM are well knows market, HM is always be placed in busy area, such as popular malls and big cities. HM also has an online shopping place which is easy for customers who are not be able to visit the store. For example, busy women who do not have time to make shopping and women who has physical problem, would rather shop online and even save time. HM magazine is the main key to get their clothing out of the market, where most of the women enjoy looking through specials high classic women who are into the fashion. HM are also show out their clothing and the latest on the social network, like Facebook, Twitter and Instagarm. The main target audience for this type of promoting are 18-25. HM do Sale promotion to attract their main targets which are all type of women, Sale promotion are buy one get one free, 50% discount, vouchers and even they give gift card in s pecialise days such as charismas. Task 5 A successful business need to plan well and make marketing dictions to avoid business from failing. There are few changes be made or happens every time and that affect every business; those changes are political, economic, socio-cultural and technological. Political are more about what the government changes may influence the economy. The government may inflict a new tax or duty due to which entire income generate structures of organizations might change. Economic are about performance that directly impacts a company and have resonating long term effects. Economic factors include increase rate, interest rates, overseas exchange rates, economic growth patterns and so on. The socio- cultural changes are more about demographics characristic, lifestyle changes, income changes and level of education. The technological do not have so much affect at the businesses rather than cost a lot of money. However, innovations in technology that may affect the operations of the industry and the mar ket positively or critically The main changes can affect HM is customers live, where that is depending on customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s income. If a regular customer who used to shop from HM, and their income became less than normal, they will prevent shopping as usual and HM will lose customer. Demographic characteristic affect the business as well, where the age changes, for example when age 40 turn to 50 that segment will find out that HM do not have the right style that fit eldly pepole. Lifestyle changes have a big role that also affects the business, for example where a customer changes the style or the fashion they used to fallow. Social mobility can cause business changing; a person can become very busy that will not be able to shop. Any changing with the government it is possible of changing industry regulations, interest rates and tax laws. That can affect the company where they need to set up the prices to be able to make more profit, even if the legislations became h igh such as wages and bills and that cost. Economic are other main changing that affect the business. HM use high-quality material, so if the material inflated that will affect the business as well, which makes HM to increase customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s prices. Inflation has other affect that can cause on any business, such as unemployment, low income, inflation level and resource availability. Interest rates may affect the businessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cost of capital and even exchange rates may affect the price of imported goods. As the technology developing fast and becoming part of our life. A new discovery and innovations develop the business, such as the factory, new machines and so on. However, that will cost a lot on the business. Technology is very important to HM that make them to communicate with their customers. Internets are one of the communication methods that transfer information to nearly everyone and everywhere. Advertising is part of technology where HM advert ise their product throw TV, websites, and magazine. As the technology improves all the advertising methods will be become more expensive, that will affect the business where they will spend a lot of money to promote their product. All this business changes that affect the businesses, most have one that they can control it and achieve what they aim for. HM mange to control over the socio-cultural, where they try to meet all the customers need. HM mange how to control the prices for the product, they try not to be very expensive and all income type of customer that be able to buy. So that the customers do not get bored of the fashion they try to update the cloth and the fashion as soon as they can. Bibliography James, E. (2013) Jamez biz , [Online], Available: https://www.jamezbiz.com/2012/07/case-study-on-h.html [24 December 2013]. Pandey, A. (2011) BPMGEEK, 26 September, [Online], Available: https://bpmgeek.com/blog/what-pestle-analysis [26 December 2013]. Radman, A. (2012) Hennes Mauriz, 1 May, [Online], Available: https://hennesmauritz.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/chap8-segmenting-and-targeting-markets.html#!/2012/05/chap8-segmenting-and-targeting-markets.html [22 December 2013]. Zubair, F. (2012) studymode, april, [Online], Available: https://www.studymode.com/essays/Hnm-Case-Study-956200.html [22 December 2013]. 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